User Contributed Dictionary
Noun
splints- Plural of splint
Verb
splints- third-person singular of splint
Extensive Definition
Splints is an ailment of the horse or pony, characterized by a hard, bony
swelling, usually on the inside of a front leg, lying between the
splint and cannon bone or on the splint bone itself. It may be
"hot," meaning that it occurred recently and is still painful; or
"cold," meaning that the splint has completely recovered and there
is no longer any swelling or pain associated with it. Bucked shins
are sometimes called 'shin splints,' which involve small stress
fractures of the dorsal cannon bone, often seen in race training,
and discussed elsewhere.
Anatomy
The splint bones, (metacarpal or metatarsal II and IV), which are remnants of two of the five toes of prehistoric horses, run down either side of the cannon bone. They narrow as they go from the carpal or tarsal joint down, and form a "button" at the bottom or their length, a few inches above the fetlock. Splint bones are attached to the cannon by the interosseous ligament, providing some mobility in the young horse. As the horse ages, the interosseous ligament is typically replaced by bone. In some older horses, the cannon and splint bones may become completely fused.Causes
Direct trauma, such as from an interference injury or a kick from another horse, is a common causes of splints. The periosteum is damaged by the trauma, and the horse's body lays down new bone in the injured area. Splints caused by trauma are more commonly seen lower down the leg than ones caused by strain. The splints may occur in a front leg or hind, in one leg or both. Severe enough trauma can fracture the splint bone. If minimally displaced, and in the lower portion, some heal well. Others may need surgical removal of a portion of the damaged splint bone.Concussion is another cause of splints.
Concussive forces run from the carpus or tarsus into the splint
bones. Working a horse on hard surfaces increases the concussion
received by the interosseous ligament, which causes tearing.
Splints caused by concussion are usually found on both front legs,
most commonly on the inside of the leg a few inches below the
knee.
Overworking young or unfit horses at speed or in
tight circles may cause splints. The uneven loading of the limb in
tight circles places excessive force on the medial splint, which
can cause it to move excessively relative to the cannon bone,
causing tears in the interosseous ligament and periosteal
reaction.
Bench-kneed conformation causes excess loading of the medial
splint bone, which can lead to splints.
Blind splints
Because the splint bone does have some mobility independent of the cannon bone, it can cause tension and strain on the periosteum of the splint bone where the interosseous ligament attaches. The horse will then lay down new bone and the area will become inflamed. "Blind splints" are named because the bony reaction happens on the inside border between the splint bone and cannon bone, where it can not be seen, and is usually not palpable. Besides causing pain as any active splint reaction can, the swelling can impinge on the suspensory ligament. This condition is difficult to diagnose, but ultrasound is generally diagnostic. MRI and CT also show these well.Symptoms
Splints usually cause mild lameness (a grade of 1–2 out of 5). The injured area is hot, painful, and inflamed with a small bony swelling. However, splints do not always cause lameness, especially once "cold". More severe lameness is sometimes associated with a fractured splint bone, or soft tissue injury adjacent to the splints."Blind splints" usually produce mild lameness
that is difficult to pinpoint because there is no obvious swelling,
pain, or bony changes related to the exterior of the splint bone.
At times, bone proliferation on the axial border of the splint bone
can be seen radiographically, but ultrasound is much more sensitive
for detecting blind splints.
The body will eventually absorb some of the bone
it placed down in the splint, flattening out the splint over
several months and possibly making it completely disappear. A
splint involving the cannon alone is more likely to disappear than
one involving the splint bone itself.
Treatment
The horse should have a reduced workload for 1–3 weeks. If a trainer does not decrease the workload sufficiently, and the splint bone continues to receive concussion, the injury is likely to continue or worsen. Light exercise on soft ground is best for a horse with splints, as work can help encourage the needed bone growth to heal the splint. Those trainers concerned with the cosmetic appearance of their horse usually prefer to hand-walk twice daily and keep the animal stalled until the splint is resolved, eliminating the chance that the splint will accidentally be knocked during work and the swelling increased.Several days of cold therapy, sweats, and
NSAIDs can
help a "hot" splint. NSAIDs can help reduce the inflammation and
help the bone growth by doing so. However, none of these treatments
are incredibly effective. The most important factor is time.
Counter-irritants, which increase inflammation, only hinder the
formation of bone and can actually prolong the healing
process.
Surgery to remove the fractured end of the splint
bone, particularly in the lower third, is typically successful.
However, surgical removal of the bone growth in large splints,
performed by chiseling it away, usually does not produce satisfying
results. Often, bone growth is stimulated by the surgery, and the
size of the splint is increased. Only about a third of the time is
surgery at all successful.